The Dilemma of Adaptive Inclusion: Implementation and Evaluation of Adaptive Islamic Religious Education Learning for Students with Learning Delays

Zakia Fitri  Nabila; Syahidin Syahidin; Nurti Budiyanti

doi:10.32806/jf.v15i03.2147

Authors

Zakia Fitri Nabila Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Syahidin Syahidin Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Nurti Budiyanti Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32806/jf.v15i03.2147

Keywords:

Adaptive Inclusions; , Implementation; , Evaluation; , Adaptive Islamic Religious Education; , Learning Delays.

Abstract

Inclusive education requires instructional practices that ensure meaningful participation for students with diverse learning needs. Yet, limited research examines how adaptive Islamic Religious Education (IRE) is implemented and evaluated in mainstream classrooms for students with learning delays. This study investigates the implementation and evaluation of adaptive IRE, including the factors that support and inhibit its implementation, at a public junior high school in Bandung City. Grounded in the literature on inclusive religious education and adaptive pedagogy, the study used a qualitative single-case design. Data came from semi-structured interviews with two Islamic Religious Education teachers, classroom observations in eight Grade VII and Grade VIII classes, and documentary analysis of Capaian Pembelajaran (CP), Alur Tujuan Pembelajaran (ATP), teaching modules, and assessment documents. The analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, employing methodological triangulation. Adaptive instruction was implemented mainly through teachers' responsive classroom practices rather than formally differentiated curriculum planning. Evaluation combined standardized written assessments with continuous classroom-based judgments of students' participation, learning effort, and affective development. Teachers' professional commitment and collaboration supported adaptive learning, whereas limited diagnostic information, standardized curriculum documents, the absence of Special Assistant Teachers, and restricted instructional time constrained it. These findings reflect the dynamics of a single case at one public junior high school and should be read as context-specific. Even so, the study extends the adaptive and inclusive education literature by strengthening adaptive Islamic Religious Education through the integration of diagnostic assessment, responsive pedagogy, continuous evaluation, and institutional support

References

Ali, Makhrus, Sutarto Sutarto, R Nurhayati, Hasyim Mahmud Wantu, Miftachul Amri, and Tomi Apra Santosa. "The Effectiveness of Jigsaw Model Based on Flipped Classroom to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability in Islamic Religious Education Learning." Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 8, no. 5 (October 16, 2024): 1069-78. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v8i5.6190.

https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v8i5.6190

Almeqdad, Qais I., Ali M. Alodat, Mahmoud F. Alquraan, Mohammad A. Mohaidat, and Alaa K. Makhzoomy. "The Effectiveness of Universal Design for Learning: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis." Cogent Education 10, no. 1 (2023): 1-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2218191.

https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2218191

Amini, Mansour, Wang Qiufen, Davoud Amini, Latha Ravindran, Debbita Tan Ai Lin, Malini Ganapathy, and Manjet Kaur Mehar Singh. "The Significance of Humanistic Approach and Moral Development in English Language Classrooms." Discover Education 4 (2025): 1-17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00691-4.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00691-4

Budiyanti, Nurti, Kokom St Komariah, Wawan Hermawan, Jenuri Jenuri, and Pandu Hyangsewu. "Impact of the Ulû Al-Ilm Model on Six Domains of Student Learning Outcomes in Islamic Religious Education." Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 10, no. 1 (June 23, 2024): 113-24. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.33225.

https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.33225

Creswell, J. W., and C. N. Poth. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2018.

Dewi, Ratna, Soleh Hidayat, and Aan Hendrayana. "Teacher Strategies for Supporting Students with Learning Difficulties in Inclusive Primary Education: A Qualitative Case Study from Indonesia." PPSDP International Journal of Education 4, no. 2 (2025): 1287-1294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59175/pijed.v4i2.836.

https://doi.org/10.59175/pijed.v4i2.836

Dominguez, Sara, and Vanessa Svihla. "A Review of Teacher-Implemented Scaffolding in K-12." Social Sciences & Humanities Open 8, no. 1 (2023): 1-12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100613.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100613

Fitriani, Ely, Desi Ariyani, Nur Kholis, Hanun Asrohah, Erfin Walida Rahmania, and Machfud Bachtiyar. "Innovative Strategies for Learning Islamic Religious Education for Children with Special Needs: A Systematic Literature Review." QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama 17, no. 2 (October 17, 2025): 1061-76. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v17i2.5353.

https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v17i2.5353

Flick, Uwe. Designing Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529622737.

https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529622737

Florian, Lani, and Kristine Black-Hawkins. "Exploring Inclusive Pedagogy." BERA: British Educational Research Journal 37, no. 5 (2013): 813-28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.501096.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.501096

Hakim, Luqman, Muhammad Fahmi, and Abdul Muhid. "The Implementation of Inclusive Islamic Religious Education Learning in Schools." Edukasia Islamika 10, no. 1 (2025): 119-44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28918/jei.v10i1.10921.

https://doi.org/10.28918/jei.v10i1.10921

Inayati, Fajriah, Fitri Aulia, Mutiara Ariska, and Ahmad Ismail Sulaiman. "Inclusive Education and the Protection of Children's Rights within an Islamic Educational Framework." Lentera Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah Dan Keguruan 28, no. 2 (2025): 422-439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24252/lp.2025v28n2i9.

https://doi.org/10.24252/lp.2025v28n2i9

Indonesia, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Republik. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia Nomor 70 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pendidikan Inklusif Bagi Peserta Didik yang Memiliki Kelainan dan Memiliki Potensi Kecerdasan dan/atau Bakat Istimewa (2009). https://intranet.polibatam.ac.id/SISTEM PENJAMINAN MUTU INTERNAL/KEBIJAKAN EKSTERNAL/AKADEMIK/PERATURAN/07072 Permen 70 tahun 2009 Pendidikan Inklusif bagi Peserta Didik yg Memiliki Kelainan %26 Memiliki Potensi Kecerdasan %26 atau Bakat Istimewa.pdf.

Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Keputusan Kepala Badan Standar, Kurikulum, dan Asesmen Pendidikan Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Nomor 046/H/KR/2025 tentang Capaian Pembelajaran Pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar, dan Jenjang Pendidikan Menengah, Badan Standar, Kurikulum, dan Asesmen Pendidikan (2025). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/322487/permendikdasmen-no-11-tahun-2025.

Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 tentang Penyandang Disabilitas (2016). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/37251/uu-no-8-tahun-2016.

Kielblock, Stephan, Stuart Woodcock, and John Ehrich. "Examining Teachers' Attitudes towards Inclusive Education for All: Development of a New Scale." BMC Psychol 14 (2026): 1-15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04478-6.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04478-6

Korstjens, Irene, and Albine Moser. "Series: Practical Guidance to Qualitative Research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and Publishing." European Journal of General Practice 24, no. 1 (2018): 120-124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092

Kramer, Sonja, Jens Moller, and Friederike Zimmermann. "Inclusive Education of Students with General Learning Difficulties: A Meta-Analysis." Review of Educational Research 91, no. 3 (2021): 432-478. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654321998072.

https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654321998072

Meyer, Anne, and David H. Rose. Universal Design for Learning: Principles, Framework, and Practice. Edited by David Gordon. Lynnfield, Massachusetts, USA: CAST Professional Publishing, 2024. https://udlguidelines.cast.org/.

Miles, Matthew B., A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc., 2019.

Ofiani, Oktawini, Hendra Harmi, and Deri Wanto. "Implementing Universal Design for Learning in Islamic Education: Strategic Management for Children with Special Needs." Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam 9, no. 4 (2025): 1287-1300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v9i4.10822.

https://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v9i4.10822

Parhan, Muhamad, Syahidin Syahidin, Momod Abdul Somad, Mulyana Abdulah, and Risris Hari Nugraha. "Developing a Contextual Learning Model in Islamic Education to Improve Applicable Knowledge and Foster Knowledge-Based Virtues." Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 10, no. 1 (June 22, 2024): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.35205.

https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.35205

Pemerintah Daerah Kota Bandung. Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 15 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pemenuhan Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (2019). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/136670/perda-kota-bandung-no-15-tahun-2019.

---. Peraturan Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 2 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pengelolaan dan Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan (2018). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/139622/perda-kota-bandung-no-2-tahun-2018.

Presiden Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2020 Tentang Akomodasi yang Layak untuk Peserta Didik Penyandang Disabilitas (2020). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/132596/pp-no-13-tahun-2020.

---. Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (2003). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/details/43920/uu-no-20-tahun-2003.

Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (1945). https://www.mkri.id/public/content/infoumum/regulation/pdf/UUD45 ASLI.pdf.

Rosyidah, Af'idatur, Dewi Nishwatul Fithriyah, Ira Rahmawati, Hafni Zukhrufina, and Nurul Afidah. "Analisis Strategi Pembelajaran Universal Design for Learning Untuk Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Pada Sekolah Inklusi." Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar 10, no. 04 (2025): 211-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v10i04.39395.

Sarbini, Saca Suhendi, Fitri Nurlatifah Azzahra, Hoetunnisa, and Hani Yuliawati. "The Values of Inclusive Education in Islamic Religious Education: A Systematic Literature Review." Tadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam 11, no. 2 (2025): 352-60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19109/tadrib.v11i2.31733.

https://doi.org/10.19109/tadrib.v11i2.31733

Schildkamp, Kim, Fabienne M. van der Kleij, Maaike C. Heitink, Wilma B. Kippers, and Bernard P. Veldkamp. "Formative Assessment: A Systematic Review of Critical Teacher Prerequisites for Classroom Practice." International Journal of Educational Research 103 (2020): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101602.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101602

Stahl, Norman A., and James R. King. "Expanding Approaches for Research: Understanding and Using Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research." Journal of Developmental Education 44, no. 1 (2020): 26-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45381095.

Tai, Joanna, Rola Ajjawi, Margaret Bearman, David Boud, Phillip Dawson, and Trina Jorre de St Jorre. "Assessment for Inclusion: Rethinking Contemporary Strategies in Assessment Design." Higher Education Research & Development 42, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 483-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2057451.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2057451

Tomlinson, Carol Ann. How to Differentiate Instruction in Academically Diverse Classrooms. 3rd ed. Arlington: ASCD, 2017. https://online.fliphtml5.com/nlcyl/qvwv/#p=1.

Wahyudi, Mukhammad, Agus Darmawan, and Sevilla Mumtaz. "Reconstructing Democratic Inclusive Education Through National Culture and Humanistic Values: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis from Indonesia." FIKROTUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Manajemen Islam 15, no. 02 (June 20, 2026): 360-87. https://doi.org/10.32806/jf.v15i02.1693.

https://doi.org/10.32806/jf.v15i02.1693

Winarko, Dian Komalasari, Rahmat Subekti, Rinol Abearto, Dwi Novistul Zahra, and M. Makhrus Ali. "Peningkatan Pemahaman Guru Tentang Pembelajaran PAI Sebagai Pembentukan Perilaku Sosial Melalui Pelatihan Berbasis Sosiologis." Jurnal Pengabdian Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat Indonesia 4, no. 2 (2025): 585-593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56303/jppmi.v4i2.960.

https://doi.org/10.56303/jppmi.v4i2.960

Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Method. 6th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc., 2018.