Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Articles
DOI: 10.32806/jkpi.v7i1.1306
Submitted: 05-12-2025
Published: 04-02-2026

THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THEORETICAL FACULTIES (THEORY OF SPIRITUAL POWERS) IN ISLAM: AL-NAFS, AL-AQL, AL-QALB, AL-RUH, AND AL-SIRR VS. BLOOM'S TAXONOMY AND SOLO'S TAXONOMY

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Soul faculties, Human nature, Bloom-Anderson taxonomy, SOLO taxonomy, Islamic education

Abstract

Studies on the nature of the human being in Islamic thought position the structure of the soul al-nafs, al-‘aql, al-qalb, al-ruh, and al-sirr as the foundational framework for understanding human potential, development, and spiritual orientation. Meanwhile, in the field of modern education, the Bloom-Anderson taxonomy and the SOLO taxonomy are used to map learners’ cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities. The differing paradigms between the Islamic concepts of the soul's faculties and contemporary educational taxonomies open an important epistemological space for dialogue in developing a more holistic learning theory. This article aims to explore the points of convergence and divergence between these two approaches. Specifically, the study seeks to: (1) describe the main structure of the faculties theory in Islam, including the functions of al-nafs, al-‘aql, al-qalb, al-ruh, and al-sirr; (2) compare these concepts with the cognitive hierarchy of Bloom-Anderson and the levels of understanding in SOLO; and (3) identify the potential for integrating the two to develop a value-based and spiritually grounded learning model. The methodology employs library research with comparative analysis of classical Islamic literature and modern educational taxonomies. Data were analyzed using categorization techniques and conceptual theme exploration. The findings show that the faculties theory offers a more comprehensive anthropological-spiritual foundation for understanding human development, extending beyond cognitive aspects toward tazkiyah (purification), moral awareness, and transcendental orientation. While Bloom-Anderson and SOLO emphasize cognitive achievements and structural understanding, the Islamic framework offers ethical and spiritual dimensions that can enrich instructional design. The integration of these paradigms enables the development of an educational model that not only strengthens higher-order thinking skills but also cultivates character, spiritual awareness, and inner harmony.

References

  1. Al-Ghazālī. Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm ad-Dīn. (karya klasik yang membahas qalb, ruh, tazkiyah). (edisi terjemahan modern tersedia).
  2. Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. Longman.
  3. Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Longman.
  4. Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.
  5. Annafiri, A. Z., & Aziz, S. A. (2022). The Nature of Basic Human Potential (’Aql, Nafs, and Qalb) and its Relevance With Islamic Education. EDUCAN: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 6(2), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.21111/educan.v6i2.7375
  6. Azizah, K. (2025). Teori Taksonomi Bloom dan Implementasinya dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Pelita: Jurnal Studi Islam Mahasiswa UII Dalwa. https://doi.org/10.38073/pelita.v2i2.2531
  7. Baehaqi, R., & Ezzitouna, Y. F. (2024). Integrating the Qur’an and Psychology: A Holistic Perspective in Psychological Science. Tamadduna: Jurnal Peradaban. https://doi.org/10.29313/tamadduna.v2i2.8457
  8. Bastaman, H. D. (2005). Integrasi Psikologi dengan Islam Menuju Psikologi Islami. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. (monograf institusional tentang elemen-elemen psikologi Islam)
  9. Biggs, J., & Collis, K. (1982). Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy. Academic Press.
  10. Biggs, J., & Collis, K. (1982). Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy. Academic Press.
  11. Biggs, J., & Collis, K. (2014). Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy. Academic Press.
  12. Biggs, J., & Collis, K. (2014). Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome). New York: Academic Press.
  13. Bloom, B. S., et al. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. Longmans.
  14. Faheem Uddin & Jahanzeb Khan, M. (2024). Ruh, Nafs, Aqal, Qalb and Spiritual Intelligence: Towards al-Ghazali Model of Psychospiritual Development. Pakistan Research Journal of Social Sciences.
  15. Ghazali, A. (2018). Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. Dar al-Hadis.
  16. Nasr, S. H. (2006). The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Indiana University Press.
  17. Ghazali, A. (2018). Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. Kairo: Dar al-Hadis.
  18. Gusri, S., & Afnibar, A. (2025). Prinsip-Prinsip Belajar dalam Perspektif Psikopedagogik Islam: Analisis Konseptual dan Implikasi Pembelajaran Modern. Tarbiyatul Ilmu: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan.
  19. Huda, S., & Hidayat, N. (2025). Strategi Pengembangan Potensi Manusia (Jism, Fitrah, Akal, Qalb, Nafs) dalam Filsafat Pendidikan Islam dan Relevansinya dengan Pendidikan Islam Kontemporer. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v9i04.19963
  20. Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna). (Kitāb al-Nafs / parts of Al-Shifā’). (pengantar: teori jiwa dan faculties).
  21. Ihwan Mahmudi & Zidni Athoillah (2025). Taksonomi Hasil Belajar Menurut Benyamin S. Bloom. Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani. https://doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v2i9.1132
  22. Mohd, R. F., Zulkifli, H., & Muhamad, N. A. F. (2023). The Need for Cognitive Domain in Islamic Education Subjects. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v12-i4/19434
  23. Moleong, L. J. (2019). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
  24. Muhammad, I., & Ariani, S. (2021). Kognisi Taksonomi Bloom, Kurikulum 2013 dan Penerapannya dalam Pembelajaran Agama Islam di Indonesia. Jurnal Mudarrisuna: Media Kajian Pendidikan Agama Islam. https://doi.org/10.22373/jm.v11i3.6303
  25. Nasr, S. H. (2006). The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  26. Norman, N. A. (2021). Ibn Sina’s Theory of the Soul: A Taxonomy of Islamic Education. ICR Journal, 12(2), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v12i2.867
  27. Nurhaliza, A. S., & Mustopa, M. F. (2023). Analisis Tingkat Kognitif Soal Ujian Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Berdasarkan Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy. Journal of Research and Thought on Islamic Education (JRTIE). https://doi.org/10.24260/jrtie.v6i1.2696
  28. Pangestu, R. A., & Anshori, A. (2024). Evaluation of the Application of Bloom's Taxonomy in Islamic Religious Education Learning. Proceeding of International Conference of Islamic Education, 2.
  29. Putriana, A., Daswita, W., & Gusmaneli. (2025). The Design Development of Islamic Religious Education Learning Based on Bloom’s Taxonomy and the Dick & Carey Model. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research.
  30. Putriana, A., Daswita, W., & Gusmaneli. (2025). The Design Development of Islamic Religious Education Learning Based on Bloom’s Taxonomy and the Dick & Carey Model. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research.
  31. Rahman, F. (2017). “The Concept of ‘Aql in Islamic Intellectual Tradition.” Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 7(2), 1–15.
  32. Rosenshine, B. (2012). “Principles of Instruction: Research-Based Strategies That All Teachers Should Know.” American Educator, 36(1), 12–19.
  33. Sahputra Napitupulu, D. (2025). Elemen-Elemen Psikologi Dalam Al-Qur’an: Nafs, ‘Aql, Qalb, Ruh dan Fitrah. Psikoislamedia: Jurnal Psikologi.
  34. Sahputra Napitupulu, D. (2025). Elemen-Elemen Psikologi dalam Al-Qur’an: Nafs, ‘Aql, Qalb, Ruh dan Fitrah. Psikoislamedia: Jurnal Psikologi. https://doi.org/10.22373/psikoislamedia.v4i1.6350
  35. Samad, S. A. A. (2023). Konsep Ruh dalam Perspektif Psikologi Pendidikan Barat dan Islam. FENOMENA: Jurnal Pendidikan, 7(2), 300. https://doi.org/10.21093/fj.v7i2.300
  36. Samian, A. L., & Saleh, M. (2010). “Intellect (Aql) in Islamic Philosophy and Its Role in Human Understanding.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(3), 75–82.
  37. Samsudi, M., Gafrillia, A. L., & Hazarika, A. (2025). Bloom Anderson's Taxonomy-Based Cognitive Level Analysis of Grade 10 Interactive Mathematics Book Questions. Journal of Teaching and Learning Mathematics
  38. Sardar, Z. (2015). Reading the Qur’an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam. London: Oxford University Press.
  39. Sawitri, U. (2024). Human and the Element of the Soul in the Perspective of Sufistic Psychology. Syifa al-Qulub: Jurnal Studi Psikoterapi Sufistik, 8(1), 35955. https://doi.org/10.15575/saq.v8i1.35955
  40. Suyadi. (2022). Learning Taxonomy of Islamic Education: The Development of Aql and the Brain in Quran from a Neuroscience Perspective. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 21(2), 361–410. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol21.iss2.art3
  41. Taufiq Khoirin, M., Fathin, M., & Rohimah, S. (2025). Eksplorasi Ruh, Nafs, Qalb, dan Fitrah sebagai Potensi Dasar dalam Membentuk Kepribadian sebagai ‘Abdullāh. TSAQOFAH Journal.
  42. Utari Sawitri. (2025). Human and the Element of the Soul in the Perspective of Sufistic Psychology. Syifa al-Qulub: Jurnal Studi Psikoterapi Sufistik.
  43. Widyawati, A., Afifah, D. S. N., & Resbiantoro, G. (2025). Analisis Kesalahan Siswa dalam Memecahkan Masalah Lingkaran Berdasarkan Taksonomi SOLO pada Kelas VIII. JPMS: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Sains.
  44. Winda Kurnia & Fauzi, R., Bella Pili, S. (2025). Interelasi Dimensi Bathiniyyah Manusia Dalam Tasawuf: Tazkiyah, Ruh, Qalb, Nafs, dan Akal. Jurnal Keislaman

How to Cite

Syahfitri, S., & Sodiq, A. (2026). THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THEORETICAL FACULTIES (THEORY OF SPIRITUAL POWERS) IN ISLAM: AL-NAFS, AL-AQL, AL-QALB, AL-RUH, AND AL-SIRR VS. BLOOM’S TAXONOMY AND SOLO’S TAXONOMY. Jurnal Konseling Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 587–600. https://doi.org/10.32806/jkpi.v7i1.1306